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Grounding, bonding, or both?

Two ideas, one letter between half their names, and a candidate who has them straight can answer a whole family of questions without looking anything up. Sort 24 things and see which way you lean when you get one wrong.

Florida reads the 2023 book

The Florida certification examinations reference the 2023 National Electrical Code, and the approved list dates the 2026 edition to take over on 21 August 2027. This page holds no table values, but the sections it names are the 2026 numbers.

Grounding and bonding is still Article 250 in both editions, so 250.50, 250.52, 250.53, 250.66, 250.68 and Table 250.122 carry the same numbers in a 2023 book.

GroundingA connection to earth. A reference, not a return path.8 of the 24
BondingMetal to metal. One potential, and a low-impedance path for fault current.12 of the 24
BothOne connection doing an earth job and a metal-to-metal job at once.4 of the 24

Grounding reaches earth. Bonding reaches metal. The reason the pair is worth this much attention is that the code names several bonding parts after grounding, so the word on the label is the least reliable clue you have.

Everything here is sortable and most of it has been argued about on a job site. Each answer explains what the thing is doing, not just which bucket it goes in, because the doing is the part that transfers to a question you have not seen.

The two halves, drawn

The first drawing is the earth half: every electrode present at a building, bonded into one system. The second is the metal half: one neutral-to-case connection at the service and none after it.

Every grounding electrode present at a building has to be bonded together into one system The rule is not pick one. If a metal underground water pipe, a concrete encased electrode, a ground ring, a rod or pipe, or metal building frame is present at the structure, it is part of the system and must be bonded in. A rod is only permitted as a standalone electrode when none of the others exist. The grounding electrode conductor runs from the service to the system, and bonding jumpers tie the electrodes to each other. service GEC grade metal water pipe in contact 10 ft or more concrete encased electrode rod or pipe building steel all of them bonded together, not a menu to choose from a rod stands alone only when none of the others exist at the building
Present means required. The rod is what you use when nothing else is there, not a default. Drawn against NEC 250.50, 250.52(A) and 250.53. Sizing is Table 250.66, in your book.
The neutral and the ground are joined at exactly one point and separated everywhere after it At the service, the grounded neutral conductor and the equipment grounding conductor are bonded together by the main bonding jumper. Downstream of that point, in every subpanel, the two are kept apart: the neutral floats on an insulated bar and the grounding conductors land on a bar bonded to the enclosure. If they are joined again in a subpanel, normal load current returns on the equipment grounding conductor and on any metal in its path, which is the fault this rule exists to prevent. SERVICE A B from the utility neutral bar grounding bar main bonding jumper the one legal connection feeder: ungrounded and grounded plus the grounding conductor SUBPANEL neutral bar, ISOLATED grounding bar, bonded to the can no jumper here joining them twice puts load current on metal that people touch to the electrode system one bond, one place. everything downstream stays apart.
Bond once, at the service. After that, separate. Joining them twice puts load current on metal people touch. Drawn against NEC 250.24(B), 250.28 and 250.142(B). In editions before 2026 the load-side rule was 250.24(A)(5).
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